In Modern Greek the comparative and superlative degrees are called the degrees of comparison of the adjectives.They are formed either with a single-word or in the descriptive way (in more words).
Actually we have to deal with four degrees instead of three as in English.
- The positive degree (Ο θετικός)
- The comparative degree (Ο συγκριτικός)
- The relative superlative (Ο σχετικός υπερθετικός)
- The absolute superlative of (Ο απόλυτος υπερθετικός)
As said before there are two ways in Modern Greek to form the Degrees of comparison, although that does not apply to all adjectives.
- In the descriptive way (with the use of «ποι», «ο ποι» and «ο πολύ» in front of the comparative or superlative)
- The formation of one word (with the use of the suffixes
«-τερος, -η, -ο» and «-τατος, -η, -ο» )
By looking at below example, we can easily understand what the degree of the adjective means and which function it has in speech:
ελληνικά | αγγλικά |
---|---|
Ο Kώστας είναι έξυπνος. | Kosta is smart. |
Ο Kώστας είναι πιο έξυπνος (εξυπνότερος) από τον Γιώργο. | Kosta is smarter than George. |
Ο Kώστας είναι ο πιο έξυπνος (ο εξυπνότερος) απ’ όλα τα αγόρια της τάξης. | Kosta is the smartest of all the boys of the classs. |
Ο Kώστας είναι πολύ έξυπνος (πάρα πολύ έξυπνος, εξυπνότατος, πανέξυπνος). | Kosta is the most smartest. |
In the first example, the adjective smart simply gives a property to the subject Kosta. Then the adjective is the positive degree. So positive is the degree that simply denotes the characteristic or property of a noun.
The function of the adjective is completely different in the second example. Here we have a comparison between two people (Kosta and George) from whom Kosta comes out as being smarter. So, with the help of the adjective we compare and call the degree of the adjective comparative which states that a noun has a characteristic or property to a greater degree than another noun.
The third example again compares. This time Kosta (the subject) is compared with all the boys of the class, viz compared with all that are equal. He has surpassed all his classmates in intelligence, hence we are dealing here with the superlative. Therefore the superlative is the degree that states that a noun has a characteristic, a quality or an attribute to a degree greater than all other nouns of the same kind.
And in the fourth example, it turns out that Kosta has a higher rank. How do the third and fourth examples differ? In the third we have a comparison with all the same, while in the fourth we have no comparison. That is why the third example is called relative superlative, while the fourth absolute superlative the degree states that a noun has a characteristic, quality, or attribute to the greatest extent.
A few examples with «ποι» are
positive | comperative | superlative | meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|
relative | absolute | |||
ωραίος | πιο ωραίος | ο πιο ωραίος | πολύ ωραίος | nice |
στενός | πιο στενός | ο πιο στενός | πολύ στενός | tight, narrow |
σαφής | πιο σαφής | ο πιο σαφής | πολύ σαφής | clear |
Een paar voor beelden met één woord zijn
positive | comperative | superlative | meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|
relative | absolute | |||
ωραίος | ωραιότερος | ο ωραιότερος | ωραιότατος | nice |
στενός | στενότερος | ο στενότερος | στενότατος | tight, narrow |
σαφής | σαφέστερος | ο σαφέστερος | σαφέστατος | clear |
The comparative degree is formed in the single-word way with the suffix
«-τερος, -η, -ο» and in the descriptive way with the quantitative adverb «ποι» - more in front of the (adjective) positive degree. In some cases, in a typical style, «πλέον» is used instead of «ποι». The relative superlative is formed as the comparative too in a descriptive way, except that it is preceded by the definite article. The same applies for the relative superlative in the single-word way. The absolute superlative is formed in the descriptive way with the adverb «πολύ» - much or two times «πολύ» that is preceded the positive degree. At the absolute superlative in the single-word way the suffix «-τατος, -η, -ο» is added to the neuter 1st case.
There are no special difficulties with the forming of the degrees of comparison. Some adjectives can be formed both in the single-word way and in the descriptive way, others only in the single-word way, but they all can be formed in the descriptive way (with «ποι», «ο ποι» and «πολύ»), except those that logically can not have a comparative degree, such as adjectives that already have superlative significance, such as:
ελληνικά | αγγλικά |
---|---|
υπέροχος, -η, -ο | wonderful, excellent |
εξαίρετος, -η, -ο | excellent, eminent |
κορυφαίος, -α, -ο | outstanding, perfect |
The same applies to compound adjectives that begin with a reinforcing prefix, such as:
ελληνικά | αγγλικά |
---|---|
διαβόητος, -η, -ο | notorious, infamous |
θεότρελος, -η, -ο | crazy, very naughty |
ολομόναχος, -η, -ο | all alone, all by itself |
πάμφτωχος, -η, -ο | extremely poor |
πανέξυπνος, -η, -ο | ingenious |
πεντάμορφο, -η, -ο | ravishing |
Degrees of comparison are also not formed in a descriptive way with the adjectives that show materials and time.
ελληνικά | αγγλικά |
---|---|
ασημένιος, -α, -ο | silver |
γυάλινος, -η, -ο | glass |
μαρμάρινος, -η, -ο | marble |
ξύλινος, -η, -ο | wooden |
αποψινός, -η, -ο | tonight's |
αυριανός, -η, -ο | tommorrow's |
περσινός, -η, -ο | last year's |
χτεσινός, -η, -ο | yesterday's |
The degrees of comparison of some adjectives can only be formed in the descriptive way. Those are the adjectives with the endings in «-ής, -ιά, -ί», «-ης, -α, -ικο», «άς/-ής, -ού, -άδικο/-ούδικο/-ήδικο», «-ων, -ουσα, -ον». The same applies for the passive participles in the present tense ending in «-όμενος», «-ώμενος» and «-ούμενος», the passive perfect participles ending in «-μένος» and inclusive the indeclinable adjectives.
positive | comperative | superlative | meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|
relative | absolute | |||
σταχτής | πιο σταχτής | ο πιο σταχτής | πολύ σταχτής | grey |
τσιγκούνης | πιο τσιγκούνης | ο πιο τσιγκούνης | πολύ τσιγκούνης | mean, miserly |
ζηλιάρης | πιο ζηλιάρης | ο πιο ζηλιάρης | πολύ ζηλιάρης | jealous |
υπναράς | πιο υπναράς | ο πιο υπναράς | πολύ υπναράς | sleepyheaded |
επείγων | πιο επείγων | ο πιο επείγων | πολύ επείγων | urgent |
τιμώμενος | πιο τιμώμενος | ο πιο τιμώμενος | πολύ τιμώμενος | honorary |
σκιζόμενος | πιο σκιζόμενος | ο πιο σκιζόμενος | πολύ σκιζόμενος | ripped |
βλαμμένος | πιο βλαμμένος | ο πιο βλαμμένος | πολύ βλαμμένος | stupid |
ψημένος | πιο ψημένος | ο πιο ψημένος | πολύ ψημένος | cooked |
ροζ | πιο ροζ | ο πιο ροζ | πολύ ροζ | pink |
σόκιν | πιο σόκιν | ο πιο σόκιν | πολύ σόκιν | shocking |
Since both forming possibilities are absolutely equivalent and because only the descriptive form is sometimes emphasized, often the difficulties caused by the formation with the single-word way are not rendered.
The next scheme shows the both ways of forming the comparative degree. Any difficulties are explained. (--) indicates that the adjectives of this category do not have an single-word comperative.
possitive degree | comperative degree with «ποι» | comperative degree with one word | meaning |
---|---|---|---|
όμορφος | πιο όμορφος | ομορφότερος | good looking |
έξυπνος | πιο έξυπνος | εξυπνότερος | intelligent |
μέτριος | πιο μέτριος | μετριότερος | medium, moderate |
μεγάλος | ποι μεγάλος | μεγαλύτερος | big |
λίγος | ποι λίγος | λιγότερος | little |
απλός | πιο απλός | απλούστερος | simple |
βραχύς | ποι βραχύς | βραχύτερος | short, brief |
μαβής | ποι μαβής | -- | purple |
πολύς | ποι πολύς | περισσότερος | much |
ταχύς | ποι ταχύς | ταχύτερος | rapid, fast |
τεμπέλης | ποι τεμπέλης | -- | lazy |
ακριβής | ποι ακριβής | ακριβέστερος | exact, precise |
συνήθης | ποι συνήθης | συνηθέστερος | customary |
φωνακλάς | ποι φωνακλάς | -- | yelling |
φαγάς | ποι φαγάς | -- | greedy, voracious |
ευγνώμων | ποι ευγνώμων | ευγνωμονέστερος | grateful, thankful |
νοήμων | ποι νοήμων | νοημωνέστερος | intelligent |
τρέχων | ποι τρέχων | -- | current |
For some comparative forms «-ώτερος» is used, rather than «-ότερος».
Some adjectives ending «-ος, -ια, -ο» have alternative comparative forms, which end in «-ύτερος», like the adjectives ending in «-ύς, -ιά/-εία, -ί/-ύ»- group.
Examples from this «-ος, -ια, -ο»- group are: «γλυκός»: «γλυκότερος» and «γλυκύτερος» - sweet, soft, gentle and «ελαφρός»: «ελαφρότερος» and «ελαφρύτερος» - light, mild.
In the spoken language sometimes both ways of the formation of the comparative are combined, like «πιο μικρότερος» - more smaller, «πιο καλύτερος» - more better.
From all of the above it is obvious from which adjectives the descriptive comparative degree with «ποι» can be formed. The remaining adjectives with the endings in «-ος, -η, -ο» - «-ος, -α, -ο» - «-ος, -ια, -ο» - «-ύς, -ιά, -ύ» - «ύς, -εία, -ύ» and the adjective with two endings, in «ης, -ες» can form both. At the formation of the comparative in the single-word way the suffix «-τερος, -η, -ο» is added to the 1st case of the neuter adjective.
To the adjectives with the two endings «-ων/-ονας, -ον», the suffix «-ονέστερος, -η, -ο» is added when forming the comparative in the single-word way.
positive degree | originative group | compartive with single-word | meaning |
---|---|---|---|
δροσάτος | «-ος, -η, -ο» | δρασατότερος | fresh |
τυχερός | «-ος, -η, -ο» | τυχερότερος | lucky |
ήρεμος | «-ος, -η, -ο» | ηρεμότερος | quiescent, calm |
παλιός | «-ος, -α, -ο» | παλιότερος | old, worn-out |
κρύος | «-ος, -α, -ο» | κρυότερος | cold, chilled |
ηλίθιος | «-ος, -α, -ο» | ηλιθιότερος | stupid, idiotic, silly |
στριγκός | «-ος, -ια, -ο» | στριγκότερος | strident, shrill |
φρέσκος | «-ος, -ια, -ο» | φρεσκότερος | fresh, new |
βαρύς | «-υς, -ια,- υ» | βαρύτερος | heavy, leaden |
παχύς | «-υς, -ια,- υ» | παχύτερος | fat, obese |
δασύς | «-υς, -εια, -υ» | δασύτερος | bushy, hairy |
δριμύς | «-υς, -εια, -υ» | δριμύτερο | bitter, harsh, severe |
αγενής | «-ης, -ης, -ες» | αγενέστερος | rude, impolite |
ευγενής | «-ης, -ης, -ες» | ευγενέστερος | noble, polite |
αγνώμων | «-ων, -ων, -ον» | αγνωμονέστερος | modest |
σώφρων | «-ων, -ων, -ον» | σωφρονέστερος | sensible |
The relative superlative degree is formed in exactly the same way as the comparative degree in the single-word way, with the difference that the definite article comes in front of it.
The absolute superlative is a learned form and is used less often than the relative superlative. Behind the single-word way the suffix «-τατος, -η, -ο » is added to the 1st case singular of the neuter adjective.
To the absolute superlative of the adjectives ending in «-ων/-ονας, -ον» the suffix «-ονέστατος» is added.
A scheme of the superlative:
positive degree | originative group | relative supelative | absolute superlative |
---|---|---|---|
δροσάτος | «-ος, -η, -ο» | ο δρασατότερος | δρασατότατος |
τυχερός | «-ος, -η, -ο» | ο τυχερότερος | τυχερότατος |
ήρεμος | «-ος, -η, -ο» | ο ηρεμότερος | ηρεμότατος |
παλιός | «-ος, -α, -ο» | ο παλιότερος | παλιότατος |
κρύος | «-ος, -α, -ο» | ο κρυότερος | κρυότατος |
ηλίθιος | «-ος, -α, -ο» | ο ηλιθιότερος | ηλιθιότατος |
στριγκός | «-ος, -ια, -ο» | ο στριγκότερος | στριγκότατος |
φρέσκος | «-ος, -ια, -ο» | ο φρεσκότερος | φρεσκότατος |
βαρύς | «-υς, -ια,- υ» | ο βαρύτερος | βαρύτατος |
παχύς | «-υς, -ια,- υ» | ο παχύτερος | παχύτερος |
δασύς | «-υς, -εια, -υ» | ο δασύτερος | δασύτατος |
δριμύς | «-υς, -εια, -υ» | ο δριμύτερος | δριμύτατος |
αγενής | «-ης, -ης, -ες» | ο αγενέστερος | αγενέστατος |
ευγενής | «-ης, -ης, -ες» | ο ευγενέστερος | ευγενέστατος |
αγνώμων | «-ων, -ων, -ον» | ο αγνωμονέστερος | αγνωμονέστατος |
σώφρων | «-ων, -ων, -ον» | ο σωφρονέστερος | σωφρονέστατος |
Following two schemes of irregular degrees of comparison in the single-word way and subsequently in the descriptive way
positive | comperative | superlative | meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|
relative | absolute | |||
απλός | απλούστερος | ο απλούστερος | απλούστατος | simple |
γέρος | γεροντότερος | ο γεροντότερος | -- | old |
κακός | χειρότερος | ο χειρότερος | χείριστος, κάκιστος | bad, false |
καλός | καλύτερος | ο καλύτερος | κάλλιστος, άριστος | good, pleasant |
κοντός | κοντύτερος | ο κοντύτερος | κοντότατος | short |
λίγος | λιγότερος | ο λιγότερος | ελάχιστος | little |
μακρύς | μακρύτερος | ο μακρύτερος | μακρύτατος | long |
μεγάλος | μεγαλύτερος | ο μεγαλύτερος | μέγιστος | big, hight, old |
μικρός | μικρότερος | ο μικρότερος | ελάχιστος | small, young |
πολύς | περισσότερος | ο περισσότερος | πλείστος | a lot of, many |
πρώτος | πρωτύτερος | ο πρωτύτερος | πρώτιστος | first |
positive | comperative | superlative | meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|
relative | absolute | |||
απλός | πιο απλός | ο πιο απλός | πολύ απλός | simple |
γέρος | πιο γέρος | ο πιο γέρος | πολύ γέρος | old |
κακός | πιο κακός | ο πιο κακός | πολύ κακός | bad |
καλός | ποι καλός | ο πιο καλός | πολύ καλός | good |
κοντός | ποι κοντός | ο πιο κοντός | πολύ κοντός | short |
λίγος | -- | ο ποι λίγος | πολύ λίγος | little |
μακρύς | ποι μακρύς | ο ποι μακρύς | πολύ μακρύς | long |
μεγάλος | πιο μεγάλος | ο πιο μεγάλος | πολύ μεγάλος | big, old |
μικρός | ποι μικρός | ο ποι μικρός | πολύ μικρός | small, young |
πολύς | ποι πολύς | ο πιο πολύς | πάρα πολύς | a los of, many |
πρώτος | -- | -- | -- | first |
There is also a group of adjectives in Modern Greek that do not come from the adjectives of the positve degree, but which are derived from other parts of the language. They are not often used in contemporary spoken language:
possitive | comparative | relative superlative | absolute superlative | meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|
άνω | ανώτερος | ο ανώτερος | ανώτατος | superior |
κάτω | κατώτερος | ο κατώτερος | κατώτατος | inferior |
άπω | απώτερος | ο απώτερος | απώτατος | further |
ένδον | ενδότερος | ο ενδότερος | ενδότατος | interior |
έξω | εξώτερος | ο εξώτερος | -- | outer |
έσω | εσώτερος | ο εσώτερος | εσώτατος | inner |
πλησίον | πλησιέστερος | ο πλησιέστερος | πλησιέστατος | nearest |
προτιμώ | προτιμότερος | ο προτιμότερος | -- | preferable |
υπέρ | υπέρτερος | ο υπέρτερος | υπέρτατος | superior |
προ | πρότερος | ο πρότερος | -- | prior |
ελληνικά | αγγλικά |
---|---|
1. Ο Γιάννης είναι πιο έξυπνος ή εξυπνότερος από την Ελένη. | John is cleverer than Helen. |
2. Ο Γιάννης είναι πιο ενθουσιώδης από τον Γιώργο. | John is more enthusiastic than George. |
3. Το αεροπλάνο είναι πιο γρήγορο μέσο συγκοινωνίας από το τρένο. | The plane is a faster mode of transport than the train. |
4. Η άνοιξη είναι ομορφότερη εποχή από το φθινόπωρο. | Spring is a more beautiful season than automn. |
5. Το Ιόνιο πέλαγος είναι βαθύτερο από το Αιγαίο. | The Ionian Sea is deeper than the Aegean Sea. |
6. Οι οδηγίες της Ελένης ήταν σαφέστερες από τις οδηγίες του Γιάννη. | Helen's instructions were clearer than John's instructions. |
7. To φαγητό του Βασίλη είναι πιο νόστιμο από (το φαγητό) της Αγνής. | The food prepared by Basil is tastier than that of Agnes. |
8. Η μητέρα τους δίνει περισσότερα λεφτά του Νίκου απ’ ό,τι/απ’ όσα της Ειρήνης. | Their mother gives more money to Nick than to Irene. |
9.Είναι προτιμότερο να λες την αλήθεια από το να λες ψέματα. | It is preferable to tell the truth rather than to tell lies. |
10. Αυτή η υπόθεση είναι χειρότερη από την προηγούμενη. | This case is worse than the previous one. |
11. Ο Μιχάλης είναι πιο φιλάρεσκος από την αδερφή του. | Michael is vainer than his sister. |
12. To βιβλίο αυτό είναι λιγότερο ενδιαφέρον από το προηγούμενο. | This book is less interesting than the previous one. |
13. Αυτό το κουστούμι ειναι φτηνότερο από το άλλο που είδαμε στην Ερμού. | This suit is cheaper than the other one we saw in Ermou Street. |
14. To φαγητό του Γιάννη είναι πιο νόστιμο από (το φαγητό) της Ελένης. | The food prepared by John is tastier than that of Helen. |
15. Ο καλύτερος από όλους τους άλλους. | The best from all others. |
16. Ο καλύτερος από όλους. | The best of all. |
17. Καλύτερος από όλους τους άλλους. | Better than all the rest. |
18. Αυτό το επιχείρημα είναι περισσότερο πιστευτό. | This argument is more convincing. |
19. To βιβλίο αυτό είναι λιγότερο ενδιαφέρον παρά το προηγούμενο. | This book is less interesting than the previous one. |
20. Ο Γιάννης αγαπά τη Μαρία περισσότερο παρά τον Νίκο. | John loves Mary more than he loves Nick. |
21.Ο Γιάννης αγαπά τη Μαρία περισσότερο παρά ο Νίκος. | John loves Mary more than Nick does. |
22.Η μητέρα τους δίνει περισσότερα λεφτά του Νίκου παρά της Ειρήνης. | Their mother gives more money to Nick than to Irene. |
23. Είναι καλύτερα να τον πάρουμε μαζί μας παρά να τον αφήσουμε εδώ. | It is better to take him with us than to leave him here. |
24. Είναι πάντα καλύτερα στο σπίτι σου παρά σε ξένο σπίτι. | It is always better in your house than in somebody else’s. |
25. Είναι πιο σωστό να λες την αλήθεια παρά να λες ψέματα. | It is better to tell the truth than to tell lies. |
26. Είναι προτιμότερο να έχεις λεφτά παρά να είσαι φτωχός. | It is preferable to have money rather than to be poor. |
27. Προτιμώ να διαβάζω παρά να γράφω. | I prefer reading rather than writing. |
28. Προτιμώ να πάω βόλτα παρά να κάθομαι σπίτι. | I prefer making a walk rather than sitting home. |
29. Ο καφές μού φαίνεται νοστιμότερος στην κουζίνα παρά στην τραπεζαρία. | Coffee seems to me to taste better in the kitchen than in the dining room. |
30. Ο Νίκος είναι μικρότερός μου. | Nick is younger than me. |
31. Δεν πιστεύει ότι υπάρχει κανείς που να είναι καλύτερός του. | He does not believe that there is anybody better than him. |
32. Ο υπουργός αποδείχτηκε πλέον ενημερωμένος όλων των παρισταμένων. | The minister proved to be more informed than all those attendees. |
33. Έζησε την ωραιότερη ημέρα της ζωής του. | He experienced the most beautiful day of his life. |
34. Σήμερα θα παρουσιαστούν τα πιο σημαντικά γεγονότα της χρονιάς που πέρασε. | Today the most important events of the previous year are presented. |
35. Ο λιγότερο φυσικός τρόπος γέννησης.(relative superlative) | The least natural method of childbirth. |
36. Οι γιατροί διαφωνούν για το ποιος είναι ο πιο φυσικός τρόπος γέννησης.(relative superlative) | Doctors disagree about what is the most natural method of birth. |
37. Τα γραπτά των μαθητών της Α΄ τάξης ήταν μετριότατα. (absolute superlative) | The writings of students in the first grade was most mediocrity. |
38. Τα επιχειρήματά του για την υποστήριξη της θέσης του ήταν σαφέστατα. (absolute superlative) | His arguments for support of his position were very clear. |
39. Τέτοια συμπεριφορά είναι φυσικότατη. | Such behaviour is completely natural. (absolute superlative) |
40. Ο καφές μού φαίνεται νοστιμότερος στην κουζίνα απ’ ό,τι στην τραπεζαρία. | Coffee seems to me to taste better in the kitchen than in the dining room. |
41. Είναι πάντα καλύτερα στο σπίτι σου απ’ ό,τι σε ξένο σπίτι. | It is always better in your house than in somebody else’s. |
42. Πάρε ό,τι καλύτερο. idem | Take the best. |
43. Ο Γιάννης είναι πιο πεισματάρα απ’ ό,τι είναι ο Νίκος. | John is more persistent than Nick is. |
44. Ο Γιάννης είναι πιο πεισματάρα απ’ ό,τι ο Νίκος. | John is more persistent than Nick is. |
45. Ο Kώστας λέει πιο πολλά ψέματα απ’ όσα λέει ο Μιχάλης . | Kostas tells more lies than Michael does. |
46. Ο Kώστας λέει πιο πολλά ψέματα απ’ όσα ο Μιχάλης. | Kostas tells more lies than Michael does. |
47. Όσο επιμένεις τόσο θα απογοητεύεσαι. | The more you insist the more you will be dissapointed. |
48. Όσο πιο καλά γράψεις στις εξετάσεις σου τόσο μεγαλύτερους βαθμούς θα πάρεις. | The better you perform in your exams the higher marks you will get. |
49. Όσο πιο πολύ/περισσότερο τρως τόσο πιο πολύ/περισσότερο βλάφτεις τον οργανισμό σου. | The more you eat the more you damage your health. |
50. Όσες ψευτιές μου είπε αυτός άλλες τόσες μου είπε και αυτή. | She told me as many lies as he did. |
51. Είσαι σαν την Ελένη. | You are the same as Helen. |
52. Ο Νίκος είναι σαν εσένα ψηλός. | Nick is as tall as you are. |
53. Ο Αλέκος είναι προστατευτικός σαν τον αδελφό μου. | Alex is as protective as my brother. |
54. Ο Αλέκος είναι προστατευτικός σαν αδελφός. | Alex is protective as a brother. |
55. Μιλάει σαν δικηγόρος. | He speaks like a lawyer. |
56. Σου μιλάω ως φίλος και όχι ως γιατρός. | I am speaking to you as a friend, not as a doctor. |
57. Εργάζεται ως γραμματέας του προέδρου. | He/she works as a secretary for the prime minister. |
58. Του έδωσαν τη δουλειά ως τον πιο κατάλληλο άνθρωπο. | They gave him the job as the most appropriate person. |
59. Η Ελένη είναι όμορφη όπως εσύ. | Helen is as beautiful as you. |
60. Ο Γιάννης ενδιαφέρεται τόσο για την Ειρήνη όσο και για την Άννα. | John is as much interested in Irene as he is in Anna. |
61. Τελικά είναι τόσο όμορφη η Βαρβάρα όσο μας έλεγαν; | Finally, is Barbara as pretty as they used to tell us? |
62. Οι φοιτητές είναι κουρασμένοι τόσο όσο και βαριεστημένοι. | The students are as much tired as they are bored. |
63. Δεν είναι όσο εσύ καλή. | She is not so good as you are. |
64. Δεν είναι καλή όσο (είσαι) εσύ. | She is not so good as you are. |
65. Ο καινούργιος μας καθηγητής είναι καλός όσο και ο προηγούμενος. | Our new teacher is as good as the previous one. |
Explanation in detail
A comparison usually consists of two parts, i.e. the first phrase contains the comparative part, while the second phrase, either presents the preposition «από», the conjunction «παρά» with or without the particle «να», or simply the 2nd case. See sentences with «από», 1 to 17, with «παρά» 19 to 29, met de 2nd case 30 to 34.
The preposition «από» in the second phrase of the comparison will be followed by the 4th case (accusative), if it is a noun phrase, that followed the formed comparative. See the sentences 1 en 2.
The second part of the comparison however can be omitted occasionally, where it is clear, as in sentence 18.
For the structure of the sentence of all adjectives, there are markers in the first phrase of the comparison like «πιο» - more or «περισσότερο» - more, which is less common in use. The same applies to sentences with adverbs and other types of phrases where comparisons occur. Then the second phrase of the comparison is again presented with «από» and «παρά». The 2nd case of a clitic pronoun, however, does not combine with this type of comparison. See the sentences 3 and 22
If the second phrase is a clitic pronoun the 2nd case (genitive) is used without «από» and «παρά», see the sentences 29 and 30.
In the sentences 2 and 13 the first part of the comparison somehow shows as if it is exceeded the second part. To expess the opposite, the comparative degreee of the adverb «λίγο» - little, «λιγότερο» is used followed by «από» and «παρά». See also sentence 12, (where «από» and «παρά» both can be used)
The second phrase of the comparison may also be presented by «παρά» - than, when it has in this phrase of the comparison the same grammatical form as in the first phrase. If the second phrase of the comparison is a noun phrase after a formed comparative, «από» will be most commonly followed the comparison with a phrase in the accusative. If the comparison is between other phrases than noun phrases only «παρά» can be used and not «από». If «από» is used instead of «παρά» the neuter definite article should be added like in sentence 9 where the last part of the sentence reads «...από το να λες ψέματα». The use of «παρά» is obligatory when indirect object noun phrases are compared. See sentences 7 where «από» and «παρά» can be used, 20 («τη Μαρία» and «τον Νίκο» both accusative - 4t case) and 21 («ο Γιάννης» and «ο Νίκος» both nominative - 1st case), 22 (where «παρά» should be used because of the indirect object), 30 (comparison between other phrases than noun phrases).
In sentence 7, with «το φαγητό της Αγνής» is «το φαγητό» with the associated preposition «από» in the 4th case (accusative). In this second phrase however «το φαγητό» may be omitted which means that «της Αγνής» remains in the 2nd case (genitive), which actually is not possible with «από», but in this case it is seen as if it was not omitted.
In the sentences 25, 26 and 27 with «παρά», «από» may be used, but only when the definite neuter article is added to nominalize the phrase.
In the senteces 30 to 34 ther 2nd case is used after the comparison.
As mentioned above, the relative superlative is formed as the comparative dergree with the addition of the article and to the absolute superlative the suffix «-τατος, -η, -ο» is added to the neuter 1st case of the adjective. For the record see the sentences 35 to 39.
Comparison between two indicative clauses may also be expressed by means of a relative form. In this case in the second phrase of the comparison «από» is followed by either «ό, τι» or by «όσος». («ό, τι» is a neuter indeclinable little word from Ancient Greek. Actually it means whatever or anything and «όσος, -η, -ο» is a masculine pronoun which means everything or as much as). See the sentences 40 to 46
This construction may be used as an alternative for παρά», when he use of «από» is excluded. The verb in the second phrase of the comparison may be omitted. See the sentences 44 and 46.
Another construction exist, which is called a correlative comparison. It also contains two phrases of which in the first one the pronoun «όσος, -η, -ο» - as much is used and in the second phrase the demonstrativepronoun «τόσος, -η, -ο» - this much/many, so much/many. It is also possible to use the comparative degree of the adverb πολύ (i.e. πιο πολύ or περισσότερο) in this construction. See sentence 49. In sentence 50 «τόσες» is accompanied by the pronoun «άλλος, -η, -ο» to express as many again. See also the sentences 47 en 48.
There are phrases that are compared, such as those with a noun, with an adjective or with a preposition, etc. They are found to be identical with respect to the degree to which they possess a certain property. These equations are formed with «σαν», «ως», «όπως» and «όσο». In the sentences are 51 to 55 «σαν» is used. It is differently used from «ως», because a noun phrase is introduced with «ως». See the sentences 56 to 58. The conjunction «όπως» is followed by a noun phrase or a pronoun. It then has the same case as the first phrase of the comparison. See sentence 59. Another equaton can be expressed by «τόσο» ...«όσο». This combination may start separately in the first phrase of the comparison and end in the second phrase or may be followed each other in the second phrase. It is also possible to use only «όσο» and omit «τόσο». See the sentences 60 to 65.