On the following links you will find some highly qualified websites on English Grammar, including parsing sentences:
Grammarpedia UCL-English Grammar
Ομάδες ρημάτων - Verb groups
Two groups of the regular verbs exist, i.e. I. the first conjugation group and II. the second conjugation group.
In the case of type I, the verbs have the accent on the stem, i.e. on the last syllable of the stem in the present tense. This group contains by far the largest number of verbs with the endings in:- Active verbs in the present tense, ending on «-ω»
- Passive verbs in the present tense, ending on «-ομαι»
In this group the verbs of the first conjugation are classified, based on their stem of the imperfective tense (imperfective stem). It should be taken into account that similar stems can diverge into multiple patterns, with respect to the formation of their stem of the aorist (perfective stem). In summary, the types of imperfective stems is covered as follows:
| stem- ending active verb |
active verb | stem- ending active perfective |
aorists active verb |
stem- ending passive perfective |
aorists passive verb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vowels | ακούω | -σ | άκουσα | -στ/-σθ * | ακούστηκα |
| αποκλείω | -σ | απόκλεισα | -στ/-σθ * | αποκλείστηκα | |
| klinkers | αναλύω | -σ | ανάλυσα | -θ | αναλύθηκα |
| ιδρύω | -σ | ίδρυσα | -θ | ιδρύθηκα | |
| -ν after vowel |
ψήνω | -σ | έψησα | -θ | ψήθηκα |
| δαγκώνω | -σ | δάγκωσα | -θ | δαγκώθηκα | |
| δεξιώνομαι | -- | -- | -θ | δεξιώθηκα | |
| -ν after vowel |
κλείνω | -σ | έκλεισα | -στ | κλείστηκα |
| πιάνω | -σ | έπιασα | -στ | πιάστηκα | |
| -ν after vowel |
κρίνω | -ν | έκρινα | -θ | κρίθηκα |
| -ν after vowel |
διευρύνω | -ν | διεύρυνα | -νθ | διευρύνθηκα |
| μολύνω | -ν | μόλυνα | -νθ | μολύνθηκα | |
| αμύνομαι | -- | -- | -νθ | αμύνθηκα | |
| -θ | αλέθω | -σ | άλεσα | -στ | αλέστηκα |
| -δ | διαψεύδω | -σ | διέψευσα | -στ | διαψεύστηκα |
| σπεύδω | -σ | έσπευσα | -- | -- | |
| -ζ | αγοράζω | -σ | αγόρασα | -στ/-σθ* | αγοράστηκα |
| διαβάζω | -σ | διάβασα | -στ/-σθ* | διαβάστηκα | |
| εργάζομαι | -- | -- | -στ/-σθ* | εργάστηκα | |
| -ζ | κοιτάζω | -ξ | κοίταξα | -χτ/-χθ* | κοιτάχτηκα |
| πειράζω | -ξ | πείραξα | -χτ/-χθ* | πειράχτηκα | |
| -σσ/-ττ | διατάσσω | -ξ | διέταξα | -χτ/-χθ* | διατάχτηκα |
| κηρύσσω | -ξ | κήρυξα | -χτ/-χθ* | κηρύχτηκα | |
| εισπράττω | -ξ | εισέπραξα | -χτ/-χθ* | εισπράχθηκα | |
| εξελίσσομαι | -- | -- | -χτ/-χθ* | εξελίχτηκα | |
| -γ/-γγ/ -κ/ -χ/-χν |
ανοίγω | -ξ | ανοίξα | -χτ/-χθ* | ανοίχτηκα |
| σφίγγω | -ξ | έσφιξα | -χτ/-χθ* | σφίχτηκα | |
| διδάσκω | -ξ | δίδαξα | -χτ/-χθ* | διδάχτηκα | |
| ελέγχω | -ξ | έλεγξα | -χτ/-χθ* | ελέγχθηκα | |
| ψάχνω | -ξ | έψαξα | -χτ/-χθ* | ψάχτηκα | |
| δέχομαι | -- | - | -χτ/-χθ* | δέχθηκα | |
| -β/ -π/-πτ/ -φ/-φτ |
σκάβω | -ψ | έσκαψα | -φτ/-φθ * | σκάφτηκα |
| καλύπτω | -ψ | κάλυψα | -φτ/-φθ * | καλύφτηκα | |
| αλείφω | -ψ | άλειψα | -φτ/-φθ* | αλείφτηκα | |
| σκέφτομαι | -- | -- | -φτ | σκέφτηκα | |
| βλάφτω | -ψ | έβλαψα | -φτ/-φθ * | βλάφτηκα | |
| παραλείπω | -ψ | παρέλειψα | -φτ/-φθ * | παραλείφτηκα | |
| -ευ/-αυ | δουλεύω | -εψ | δούλεψα | -ευτ | δουλεύτηκα |
| ειδικεύω | -ευσ | ειδίκευσα | -ευτ/-ευθ* | ειδικεύθηκα | |
| δεσμεύω | -ευσ | δέσμευσα | -ευτ/ευθ* | δεσμεύτηκα | |
| παύω | -αυσ/-αψ* | έπαυσα | -αυτ/-αυθ* | παύτηκα | |
| απαγορεύω | -ευσ/-εψ* | απαγόρευσα | -ευτ/-ευθ* | απαγορεύτηκα | |
| γεύομαι | -- | -- | -ευτ/-ευθ * | γεύτηκα | |
| -ε | εμπνέω | -ευσ | ενέπνευσα | -ευστ | εμπνεύστηκα |
| -αιν | ζεσταίνω | -αν | ζέστανα | -αθ | ζεστάθηκα |
| θερμαίνω | -αν | θέρμανα | -ανθ | θερμάνθηκα | |
| σιχαίνομαι | -- | -- | -αθ | σιχάθηκα | |
| μαίνομαι | -- | -- | -ανθ | μάνθηκα | |
| -αιν | λεπταίνω | -υν ** | λέπτυνα | -- | -- |
| βαραίνω | -υν ** | βάρυνα | -- | -- | |
| -αιν | σωπαίνω | -ασ | σώπασα | -- | -- |
| μαθαίνω | irregular | έμαθα | -- | -- | |
| -αν | αυξάνω | -ησ | αύξησα **** | -ηθ | αυξήθηκα |
| -αρ/-ιρ *** | αμπαλάρω | -αρισ/-αρ | αμπαλάρισα | -αριστ | αμπαλαρίστηκα |
| γαρνίρω | -ιρισ/-ιρ | γαρνίρισα | -ιριστ | γαρνιρίστηκα |
* The more formal use of the stem-ending.
** Some of this group of verbs have learned forms with a stem-ending in -υν. They follow the passive perfective forms with the ending in -υνθ.
*** An additional syllable, viz. -ισ- is added to the active perfective forms in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons singular of the simple past and to the 3rd person plural, as alternatives forms. All other perfective forms follow the same stem as for the imperfective
**** «αυξάνω» is an irregular verb.
As mentioned before also other patterns are formed because deviations occur in the same stem pattern. But in general the following can be determined:
- When the stem of the active verb in the present tense ends in a vowel, as «-ν», «-θ» or «-ζ», then the aorist stem of this verb will end in «-σ» and the aorist of the passive verb in «-στ» or «-θ», with the exception of the deviating forms, as can be seen at the stem ending, in «-ζ-».
- When the stem of the active verb in the present tense ends in «-κ-», «-γ-», «-χ-», «-χν-», «-γγ-» or «-ζ-», then the aorist stem of this verb will end in «-ξ-» and the aorist of the passive verb in «–χτ-».
- When the stem of the active verb in the present tense ends in «-π-», «-β-», «-φ-», «-πτ-» of «-φτ-», then the aorist stem of this verb will end in «-ψ-» and the aorist of the passive verb in «-φτ-».
- When the stem of the active verb in the present tense ends in « –αυ-», «-ευ-» or «-ε-», then the aorist stem of this verb will end in «-αψ-» or «-εψ-» resp. «-αυσ -» or « -ευσ -» and the aorist of the passive verb in «-αυτ-», «-ευτ-» or «-ευστ-».
- When the stem of the active verb in the present tense ends in «-αιν-», then the aorist stem of this verb will end in «-αν-» and the aorist of the passive verb in «-ανθ-» or «-αθ-», The deviations ifnored..
- When the stem of the active verb in the present tense ends in «-αρ-» and «-ιρ-», then the aorist stem of this verb will end in «-αρισ/-αρ» and «-ιρισ/-ιρ»and the aorist of the passive verb in «-αριστ-» and «-ιριστ-».
The first thing we need to know to create verb forms is the difference between the stem of the verb and the ending. The stem tells us someting about the aspect and the ending about the person. These two things together give us the information about if the voice is active or passive, about the person, and the number.
Most of the verbs have three stems and actually it is necessary to know all stems of each verb. In fact two different aorist (perfective) stems, for both active and passive forms exist. These two forms are formally distinguished by a different stem of the verb and semantically by their aspect.
It is essential that we distinguish between the imperfect- and the perfective aspect, due to the interaction with the tense system. The imperfective stem is used for a set of imperfective forms, while the perefective stem the basis is for the set of perfective forms.
So to understand how the different stems are functioning, we need to know the right aspect, because the grammatical tenses of a verb are formed that way.
Ομάδες ρημάτων - Verb groups
- type A or A/B
- Alle active verbs ending in the present tense on «-ώ (-άω)» *
- Passive verbs ending in the present tense on «-ιέμαι»
This group of verbs is divided into two types, i.e.:
They are divided according to the way inwhich their active present tenses in the first person singular are formed. With the stress on either the final syllable or the stem, this group has two forms i.e. the first person in the present tense ending in «-ώ» and an alternative form of the first person in the present tense, ending in «-άω». The present tense of the alternative form is characterized by the stressed vowel «-ά» in the ending, as in «αγαπάω, αγαπώ», consequently the 1st person singular and plural and the 3rd person plural in the present tense also have endings with another stressed vowel. Otherwise, the use between alternative forms is largely a matter of regional variation and personal preference. Look for this on αγαπάω, αγαπώ
- type B:
- Alle actieve werkwoorden eindigen op «-ώ»
- Passieve werkwoorden in de o.t.t. op «-ούμαι»
This group has no alternative 1st person
A vast majority of verbs of both type A and type Β form their aorist stems of both the active forms and the passive forms in the same way. Some verbs can follow any type. The exceptions are verbs with another vowel, such as «-α» or «-ε» in front of the end of the stem, or consonants such as «-ξ» at the end of the active aorist stem and «-χτ» at the end of the passive aorist stem, such as «κοιτώ, κοίταξα, κοιτάχτηκα», or verbs where the «-ν» is omitted in the aorist stem, as in «ξεχνώ, ξέχασα, ξεχάστηκα».
| stem active aorist |
stem passive aorist |
verb active |
aorist active |
aorist passive |
meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ησ- | -ηθ- | Type A | |||
| αγαπάω, αγαπώ | αγάπησα | αγαπήθηκα | to love | ||
| ρωτάω, ρωτώ | ρώτησα | ρωτήθηκα | to ask | ||
| μιλάω, μιλώ | μιλησα | μιλήθηκα | to speak | ||
| τιμάω, τιμώ | τίμησα | τιμήθηκα | to honour | ||
| βροντάω | βρόντησα | -- | to thunder | ||
| αγρυπνάω, αγρυπνώ | αγρύπνησα | -- | to stay awake | ||
| Type B | |||||
| αξιολογώ | αξιολόγησα | αξιολογήθηκα | to evaluate | ||
| ομολογώ | ομολόγησα | ομολογήθηκα | to admit | ||
| ωφελώ | ωφέλησα | οωφελήθηκα | to profit | ||
| αρνούμαι | -- | αρνήθηκα | to deny | ||
| μιμούμαι | -- | μιμήθηκα | to imitate | ||
The verbs of type B like «αξιολογώ» and «ομολογώ» belong to a large group of verbs, including i.a.: «αδικώ» - to be wrong, «διατηρώ» - to maintain, «ενοχλώ» - to bother, «εξηγώ» - to explain, «μισώ» - to hate, «υιοθετώ» - to adopt, etc.
| stem active aorist |
stem passive aorist |
verb active |
aorist active |
aorist passive |
meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -εσ- | -εθ- / -εστ- |
Type A | |||
| φοράω, φορώ | φόρεσα | φορέθηκα | to wear | ||
| πονάω, πονώ | πόνεσα | -- | to ach | ||
| Type B | |||||
| εξαιρώ | εξαίρεσα | εξαιρέθηκα | to except | ||
| τελώ | τέλεσα | τελέστηκα | to execute | ||
The active forms in category 2 «εξαιρώ» and «τελώ» have the same conjugations, though the conjugation of the passive forms differs: «εξαιρούμαι» and «τελούμαι».
| stem active aorist |
stem passive aorist |
verb active |
aorist active |
aorist passive |
meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ασ- | αστ- | Type A | |||
| γελάω, γελώ | γέλασα | γελάστηκα | to laugh | ||
| ξεχνάω, ξεχνώ | ξέχασα | ξεχάστηκα | to forget | ||
| ανακλώ | ανάκλασα | ανακλάστηκα | to twin | ||
The verb «ανακλώ» belongs to a small group with the same conjugation in the active and passive voice. (look at the link above for the extended conjugation)
| stem active aorist |
stem passive aorist |
verb active |
aorist active |
aorist passive |
meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ηξ- | -ηχτ- | Type A | |||
| τραβάω, τραβώ | τράβηξα | τραβήχτηκα | to pull | ||
| Type B | |||||
| βροντώ | βρόντηξα | -- | to thunder | ||
The meanings of «βροντώ» and the abovementioned «βροντάω» are the same, only the conjugations differ, viz. «βροντάω» and «βροντώ». Both the verbs have no passive voices.
| stem active aorist |
stem passive aorist |
verb active |
aorist active |
aorist passive |
meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -αξ- | -αχτ- | Type B | |||
| κοιτάω, κοιτώ | κοίταξα | κοιτάχτηκα | to look at | ||
| πετάω, πετώ | πέταξα | πετάχτηκα | to throw | ||
* «κοιτάω, κοιτώ» and «πετάω, πετώ», verbs of category 2, ofwhich the stem ends on «-τ» have two conjugations, viz in the present tense, the imperfect, the future continuous and the perfect tenses of the indicative mood. The same applies to the present tense and the perfect tense of the subjunctive, the present tense singular of the imperative and the aorist singular and plural of the imperative. The two conjugations of the participle are for «κοιτάω, κοιτώ» - «έχοντας κοιτάξει» and «έχοντας κοιταγμένο», and for πετάω, πετώ» - «έχοντας πετάξει» «έχοντας πεταγμένο». In the passive voice of boths the verbs double conjugations occur in the plural forms of the present tense, the imperfect, the future continuous, the perfect tenses of the indicative mood and the aorist of the subjunctief.(see the conjugation of the two verbs in both links above). «Πετάω» has, apart from the passive voice «πετιέμαι», another passive form, i.e. «πετάγομαι»
